Normal body temperature among Chinese adults: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, 2015 / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To assess the change and inter-individual variation in body temperature and analyze related variables among Chinese adults.Methods:Data of of 9 184 participants[mean age(52.38±14.69) years, 4 350 men and 4 834 women] were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) 2015. Descriptive statistics and liner regression models were deployed in the analysis.Results:Overall, the mean normal axillary body temperature was 36.43℃, higher temperature was observed in men(0.032℃, P<0.001) than women. Using the multivariate linear regression model, it was revealed that age, region, territory, season, height, and hip circumference were significantly associated with body temperature. Higher individual temperature was observed in urban(0.028℃) than rural, in southern(0.040℃) than northern, and in winter(0.054℃) than autumn. Body temperature was also negatively associated with age(-0.001℃ per year), hip circumference(-0.001℃ per cm), but is positively associated with height(0.003℃ per cm). With other variables controlled, body temperature was related to whether there is myocardial infarction(ever vs never 0.187℃). Conclusion:In China, the current normal body temperature is lower than that established in 19th century(37℃), and body temperature is related to several factors. When screening and diagnosing a disease, inter-individual variance should be fully considered.

Research Progress in Population Pharmacokinetics of Multiple Target Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Malignant Tumors / 中国药学杂志

Multiple target tyrosine kinase inhibitors are commonly used in clinical as anti-tumor drugs, which can promote tumor cell apoptosis by inhibiting cell signal transduction, with high selectivity and few side effects. At present, it is widely used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic renal cancer, thyroid cancer and hematological malignancies. However, the clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic characteristics of these drugs are affected by many factors, and there are great individual differences. In recent years, the study of population pharmacokinetics is emerging and is widely used in the study of many drugs. In this paper, the pharmacokinetic characteristics and influencing factors of axitinib, imatinib, erlotinib and sunitinib in cancer patients and healthy people were summarized through the retrieval of relevant literature, and then the progress of pharmacokinetic research of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs) was reviewed. The pharmacokinetic characteristics in different tumor types were analyzed and the related covariates were summarized. The results showed that demographic factors, gene polymorphism, blood biochemical indexes, combined use of drugs and liver and kidney function were important factors affecting metabolism in vivo. Factors such as experimental design and model construction may be the important reasons for the differences in research results. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for making a reasonable and safe drug therapy plan.

Correlation analysis of individual differences in patient satisfaction survey: based on data from 25 hospitals / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective@#To find out whether there are differences in different types of patients′ perception of satisfaction, so as to measure more precisely.@*Methods@#From July to August 2017, 1 000 patients in 25 general hospitals were investigated for their satisfaction. Logistic regression was used to explore whether different individual characteristics (age, gender, education level, payment method, etc.) had different effects on satisfaction, and try to compare the differences and explain the reasons.@*Results@#Among the inpatients, the gender variable failed to pass the test, indicating that there was no statistical significance in the satisfaction of patients of different genders; in the age variable, compared with the elderly patients, the middle-aged patients were more likely to be dissatisfied [P<0.01, and Exp (b) = 0.54<1]; in the education variable, compared with the patients with higher education, the patients with lower education were more likely to be satisfied with the inpatient service [P<0.05, and Exp (b) = 1.44>1]; in the payment method, compared with the free medical patients, the out-of-pocket patients, urban residents with medical insurance patients, and new rural cooperative medical patients were more likely to be dissatisfied with the inpatient service.@*Conclusions@#In the measurement of patients′ satisfaction, we should take the individual differences into account and treat the results objectively.

Role of FMOs in drug metabolism and development / 药学学报

The flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMOs) is recognized as an important complimentary enzyme system next to the cytochrome P450 (CYP450), which catalyzes the metabolism of many xenobiotics (nucleophilic heteroatom-containing chemicals) and several endobiotics. This article provides a comprehensive introduction of FMOs including the biological characteristics, catalytic mechanism, substrate specificity, genetic polymorphisms. The effect of FMOs on drug metabolism and individual differences and relation with diseases are also mentioned. It is valuable for the discovery of therapeutic targets and design of new drug candidate.

Analyses of toxicology results in the ifre and non-ifre related carbon monoxide poisoning / 中国法医学杂志

Objective Explore the individual difference in carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and analyze whether females were be more resistant to CO poisoning.Methods We collected 207 cases of CO poisoning deaths, and then we analyzed the Carbonyl Hemoglobin (COHb) results sorted by different sources of CO.Results The source of CO had significant impact on the fatal COHb level, but gender was not significant in affecting COHb level. In addition, it is possible that children and elders were less resistant to COHb than adults.

Comparison of loads and characteristics of lower extremity joint kinetics during clean exercises / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to identify the ground reaction force and lower extremity joint kinetics during clean exercises performed with light and heavy loads. Thirteen male track and field athletes performed the clean exercises from 20 kg to one repetition maximum (1RM). Kinetic data were collected from recorded data using a Vicon motion system (250 Hz) and force platforms (1,000 Hz). The results of the analyses were as follows: (1) Ground reaction force and joint kinetics of hip and ankle were increased by increasing loads in clean exercises. (2) From light to heavy loads, we found relationships between ground reaction force and joint torque of hip in clean exercises. (3) In progressing from light to heavy loads, some subjects continued to involve the muscle group controlling the hip joint as the main power source, while others did not. The results indicate that clean exercises yield different individual characteristics for training. These results suggest that the clean exercise is effective for selectively the hip extensor in all loads.

Diferenças individuais em mulheres na avaliação da atratividade facial: uma revisão / Individual differences in women in the assessment of facial attractiveness: a review

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão teórica sobre três fatores que podem influenciar no julgamento da atratividade facial: cuidado parental, fatores psicológicos e percepção da dominância, todos relacionados às diferenças individuais. Discute-se se eles afetam os resultados de estudos que envolvam percepção facial, de modo a refutar a hipótese dos hormônios como os maiores influenciadores no julgamento da atratividade. Encontrar as possíveis variáveis que influenciam a atratividade facial pode ajudar a explicar os resultados controversos, além de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a escolha do parceiro. (AU)

This paper is about a review on three factors that may affect the judgment of facial attractiveness: parenting care, psychological factors and dominance. They are all related to individual differences. It is discussed whether they may affect the results of studies involving face perception, refuting the hypothesis that hormones have major influence in attractiveness judgments. Finding possible variables that influence facial attractiveness may help to explain the controversial results in this area broadening our understanding about mate choice. (AU)

VARIATION IN THE RATIO OF LEUKOCYTES IN WOMEN CAUSED BY YOGA BREATHING / 体力科学

Leukocytes are divided into two major types, granulocytes and lymphocytes. Granulocytes are activated in number and function under sympathetic nerve stimulation, whereas lymphocytes are activated under parasympathetic nerve stimulation. We analyzed the ratio of leukocytes and the time-domain (%RR50) from R-R interval variability to investigate the differences in autonomic nervous system activity in 10 healthy female subjects (age 51.2±8.7 years). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not variation in the ratio of leukocytes in the blood was equivalent to the variation in %RR50, and whether the autonomic nervous system, endocrine secretion and immune mechanism interacted. The subjects were grouped according to the mean values of the ratio of lymphocytes among the leukocytes when in a sitting position. The granulocytes group (GG : 5 persons) had below average values for the ratio of lymphocytes among the leukocytes, and the lymphocytes group (LG : 5 persons) had above average values. The measurements were taken during spontaneous breathing for 15 min at rest, followed by YOGA breathing (voluntary control of abdominal breathing : expiration to inspiration time ratio was 2 to 1) for 15 min and recovery with spontaneous breathing in a sitting position for 30 min. The R-R intervals were measured 8 times for 60 min as well as heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and respiratory frequency (f). Blood was drawn 3 times for 60 min and the erythrocyte·leukocyte·thrombocyte·hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) levels were examined. The leukocytes were classified as neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte or lymphocyte. Furthermore the catecholamine : adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine (CA : Adr, Nad and DA), cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were observed.It was confirmed that the variation in the ratio of leukocytes was equivalent to the variation of %RR50, both of GG and LG. With regard to the characteristics of each group, the following were observed : GG showed an accelerated trend of sympathetic nervous system activity and high values were obtained in the measurements of BP, Adr, Nad, cortisol and low values in the measurements of IgA and %RR50 at rest. LG showed an accelerated trend of parasympathetic nervous system activity and high values were obtained in the measurements of IgA and %RR50 and low values in the measurements of BP, Adr, Nad, and cortisol at rest. LG was characterized by consistently low blood pressure and respiratory frequency. These results indicated that there were natural differences in each subject in their autonomic nervous system activity and physiological function at rest. However, it was found that YOGA breathing (voluntary control of abdominal breathing) enhanced vagal modulation of the heart rate and the lymphocytes gradually increased in subjects who showed an accelerated trend of sympathetic nervous system activity. During all of the trials, it has been shown that activities of the autonomic nervous system, endocrine secretion and immune mechanism interacted.It was suggested that the distribution of leukocytes is not only related to immunity, but also is an indication of physical and mental stress and physical condition.

Intra-individual Difference of Length Heteroplasmy in Blood and Hair Shaft Mitochondrial DNA / 대한법의학회지

To observe mtDNA length heteroplasmy in a homoploymeric cytosine tract of the mitochondrial HV2 region, we carried out size-based separation of PCR products, which was produced by using primers designed to minimize the stutter production. Blood and hair shaft samples were collected from 25 individuals. The result showed significant qualitative/quantitative peak pattern variations among blood and hair shaft mtDNA profiles. Based on the results of this study, an exclusion depended solely on differences in length of the major C-tract variant could thus be an erroneous interpretation. Therefore, differences in the number of cytosine or qualitative/quantitative peak pattern variations in the C-tract of the mtDNA HV2 region cannot be used alone to support an interpretation of exclusion.

THE GENETIC FACTOR OF THE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES OF THE EXERCISE CAPACITY OR ITS TRAINABILITY / 体力科学

It is well known that individual differences exist in exercise capacity or trainability. Several studies have shown that these individual differences are brought about by environmental effects such as life-style, diet and genetics. The potential of several specific genes to cause individual differences in endurance capacity or trainability has been investigated. The <I>angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) </I> gene, which has <I>insertion (I) </I> /deletion (<I>D</I>) polymorphism, is one of the most studied genes. Montgomery et al. reported that elite high-altitude mountaineers had higher <I>I</I> allele frequency of the <I>ACE</I> gene than did sedentary males. Moreover, they reported that subjects with <I>II</I> homozygotes showed higher trainability during a 10-week endurance training program than did individuals with <I>ID</I> heterozygotes or <I>DD</I> homozygotes. However, the results reported by Rankinen et al. did not support their results in terms of the relation between <I>ACE</I> genotype and cardiorespiratory endurance. Although numerous studies have reported a relationship between these two items, it remains controversial. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the creative kinase and the <I>Na</I><SUP>+</SUP>-<I>K</I><SUP>+</SUP>-<I>ATPase</I> ∂<I>2</I> genes have been studied as genes that may dictate individual differences in endurance capacity or trainability. We are going to report about the relation between these genes and exercise capacity and trainability.

Relationship between strength exertion and subjective muscle-fatigue sensation in the relative sustained static hand gripping / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to examine the individual differences in relative grip-strengthendurance (RGE) variables and relations between force, endurance time and level of subjective musclefatigue sensation (SMS) of RGE. Endurance time and SMS during grip-strength exertion using various relative demand values to the maximal grip-strength-value (MAX) were analyzed. Subjects were 23 healthy adults (male 10 and female 13) . Four demand values of 25, 35, 50 and 75% were selected as relative demand values to MAX. The grip-strength-exertion value was input into a personal computer using the system of grip-strength with a strain-gauge (Yagami : ED-D 100 R) . The results are summarized as follows:<BR>1) Muscle group related to grip-strength exertion recovered up to about 60% of initial within 10-15 sec after grip-strength exertion stopped regardless of the degree of relative demand values.<BR>2) The SMS in any relative demand values reached a peak after continuing relative demand values became impossible, and the tendency is stronger with a higher demand value.<BR>3) With about 25% relative demand values, physiological muscle fatigue and SMS advanced at almost the same time, and the grip-strength exertion was possible for a little while after the SMS reached a peak.<BR>4) With the lower relative demand values under 50%, the influence of SMS appeared stronger by extending the endurance time and the decline-delay of grip-strength-exertion.<BR>5) With relative demand values over 50%, continuing relative demand values became impossible within a short time, and the peak SMS appeared earlier than that of relative demand values. On the other hand, the continuing the lower relative demand values was possible to some extent, and individual differences in the continuance and peak arrival-times of SMS were large.

Consideration of pharmacogenomics in individualized therapy on clinical practice / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes,transporters,receptors,and other drug targets have been linked to interindividual differences in the efficacy and toxicity of many medications.Pharmacogenomics is to study of how genes affect the individual response to drugs.There are some evidences that in the future the use of pharmacogenomics could help to enhance the effects of drugs and reduce the adverse drug reactions(ADRs),as it aims to predict which patients are likely to respond to a particular drug and which patients are likely to have significant ADRs.Pharmacogenomics studies are rapidly elucidating the inherited nature of these differences in drug disposition and effects,thereby providing a strong scientific basis for optimizing drug therapy on the basis of each patient's genetic constitution.In this article some examples of genetic polymorphisms which affecting drug pharmacokinetics(in protein binding of drugs in plasma)and pharmacodynamics(correlated with antihypertensive drugs)are briefly illustrated.

Motor abilities of older adults in Japanese urban and rural communities / 体力科学

A motor performance test was administered to elderly adults in Koganei City and Nangai Village of Japan as the baseline study of Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Longitudinal Interdisciplinary Study on Aging (TMIG-LISA) . The participants in this study totaled 405 (183 males and 222 females) aged 65 to 84 from Koganei City, and 734 (295 males and 439 females) aged 65 and over from Nangai Village. The test consisted of measurement of grip strength, one-leg stand-ing, walking at preferred and maximum speeds, and finger-tapping. All motor performances examined were higher among males than females, and they all deteriorated with aging. A regional difference was found in terms of motion speed abilities: finger-tapping rate and walking speed were higher among urban residents than rural residents. Individual differences (coefficient of variation) in the motor ability increased with aging, and reached 106% (maximum tapping rate in female) to 290% (maximum walking speed in female) of those in the twenties. Significant correlations between motor abilities were detected indicating that the specificity of the motor ability found in the young may not account for older adults.